Focus pulls

Adjusting the focus of the lens according to the subject that it's following's distance from the focal plane. This is used to ensure that focus is maintain while subject are mobile.

Framing

In film making, video production, animation, and related fields, a film frame or video frame is one of the many still images which compose the complete moving picture.

This is where the frame is deliberately cutting off parts of the subject, just like what can be seen above this allows for viewers to focus in on a certain element of the scene in this case the subject's face.

Rule of Thirds

Rule of thirds is a powerful technique in composition that can make shots appear more dynamic and more interesting. It is also one of the more well-known techniques.

As can be seen above the photo is being split into thirds or 3x3 to highlight some of the elements of the shot. This can make the photo appear more interesting.

Depth of Field

Depth of field is the amount of distance between the closest and farthest away objects in a sharp focus shot.

Above depth of field has been used to highlight the distance between the the two balls on the pool table, or the 'depth of field'.